How to Rollover a SIMPLE IRA to a Roth IRA

01Executive Overview

02Eligibility Rules

Before initiating a SIMPLE IRA–to–Roth IRA rollover, confirm that both the source plan and the destination account meet IRS eligibility requirements.

SIMPLE IRAs are available only through employers with 100 or fewer employees who earned at least $5,000 in the preceding year. Employees are generally eligible if they earned at least $5,000 in any 2 preceding years and are expected to earn at least $5,000 in the current year. The plan must cover all eligible employees — employers cannot exclude eligible workers.

— IRS Publication 560 (Retirement Plans for Small Business)

03Step-by-Step Rollover Process

The IRS-preferred rollover method is a direct rollover (trustee-to-trustee transfer) — the check is made payable to the new custodian, not to you. This eliminates the mandatory 20% federal withholding and the 60-day deadline risk entirely.

1. 1

   Open the Roth IRA Account First

   Open the receiving Roth IRA account before contacting your SIMPLE IRA plan administrator. The distributing plan needs the receiving custodian's name, mailing address, and FBO account number to process a direct rollover. Without this information, the plan cannot complete the direct rollover and may default to an indirect rollover.

   Setup time: Same day to 3 business days (online); 5–10 business days (full-service)

   You'll need:

   • Government-issued ID
   • Social Security number
   • Bank account for funding
   • IRA application
2. 2

   Request a Direct Rollover from Your SIMPLE IRA

   Contact your SIMPLE IRA plan administrator and use the words "direct rollover" explicitly. Provide:

   • The receiving custodian's full legal name
   • The FBO format: [Custodian Name] FBO [Your Full Name] Roth IRA
   • The receiving account number
   • The custodian's mailing address

   After the 2-year participation period, SIMPLE IRA assets roll via standard trustee-to-trustee transfer or 60-day rollover to a traditional IRA, just like any other IRA. During the 2-year period, the only permissible transfer is from one SIMPLE IRA to another SIMPLE IRA.

3. 3

   Verify the Check Payee

   When the distribution check arrives — whether mailed to you for forwarding or directly to the custodian — verify the payee before accepting or forwarding it. The check must be payable to the new custodian, not to you personally.

   ✓ Correct

   Fidelity FBO Jane Smith IRA #123456789

   ✗ Incorrect (Triggers 20% Withholding)

   Jane Smith

   If the check is made payable to you personally, contact the plan administrator immediately. Do not deposit it into a personal bank account — doing so converts it into an indirect rollover subject to 20% withholding and the 60-day deadline.

4. 4

   Deposit as a Rollover Contribution

   When delivering the check or wire to the receiving custodian, specify it as a "rollover contribution" — not a regular annual IRA contribution. This critical coding ensures the amount is not counted against your 2026 IRA contribution limit ($7,000 for 2026).

   For Roth 401(k)/403(b) to Roth IRA: direct rollover, no tax event. For traditional 401(k) to Roth IRA: the plan may issue a direct conversion check or may require a two-step process (distribute to traditional IRA first, then convert). Confirm with both the plan administrator and the receiving Roth IRA custodian before initiating.

   Posting time after receipt: 1–3 business days
5. 5

   Confirm Tax Documentation

   In January of the following year, verify you receive:

   • Form 1099-R from the SIMPLE IRA plan — shows the gross distribution with Distribution Code 2 or 7. Report on Form 1040 Line 5a with the taxable conversion amount on Line 5b.
   • Form 5498 from the receiving Roth IRA custodian — issued by May 31, confirms the rollover contribution was received and properly coded.

   Form 8606 Required: File Form 8606 Part II to report the Roth conversion amount and calculate the taxable portion under the pro-rata rule if your SIMPLE IRA contains non-deductible contributions.

04Processing Timeline

Most SIMPLE IRA–to–Roth IRA rollovers complete in 7–14 business days from request submission to funds credited at the receiving institution. The timeline varies significantly by plan administrator and asset type.

05Tax & Penalty Guide

SIMPLE IRAs are most commonly found in small businesses — restaurants, retail shops, medical practices, and professional service firms with under 50 employees. Many employees of small businesses are unaware of the 2-year restriction at the time of their hiring, making it a significant surprise upon departure within the first two years.

06IRS Reporting Requirements

Every retirement account rollover — including non-taxable direct rollovers — requires reporting on your federal tax return. Failing to report a rollover, even a tax-free one, triggers the IRS's Automated Underreporter (AUR) program to propose tax on the full distribution amount.

073 Costly Mistakes to Avoid

These are the most common — and most expensive — errors investors make when rolling over a SIMPLE IRA to a Roth IRA. Each is preventable with the right procedural knowledge.

08Frequently Asked Questions

What is the SIMPLE IRA 2-year rule?

The 2-year rule prohibits rolling SIMPLE IRA assets to a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, or qualified plan within the first 2 years of plan participation. If you take a distribution during this period and do not roll it to another SIMPLE IRA, the distribution is subject to a 25% early withdrawal penalty — not the standard 10%. The 2-year period starts when the first employer contribution is made to the account.

Can I roll over my SIMPLE IRA when I leave my job?

Yes — if you have participated in the SIMPLE IRA for at least 2 years, you can roll over to a traditional IRA, Roth IRA (as a conversion), or qualified plan (if the plan accepts rollovers). If you have been in the plan for less than 2 years, you can only transfer to another SIMPLE IRA. Rolling to any other account type before the 2-year period triggers the 25% penalty.

What happens to my SIMPLE IRA if my employer switches to a 401(k)?

An employer cannot terminate a SIMPLE IRA plan and establish a 401(k) in the same calendar year. The SIMPLE IRA must be terminated effective December 31, with employees notified by November 2 of that year. In the following year, the employer can establish a 401(k). At termination, employees can roll their SIMPLE IRA balances to an IRA (subject to the 2-year rule) or leave them in the account as a traditional IRA.

Is there an income limit to roll over a 401(k) to a Roth IRA?

No. The income limit that applies to direct Roth IRA contributions does not apply to Roth conversions. Any participant, at any income level, can roll a 401(k), 403(b), traditional IRA, or other qualified plan to a Roth IRA. The trade-off is that the converted amount is fully taxable in the year of conversion.

What is the best age to convert to a Roth IRA?

There is no universal answer, but the 'Roth conversion window' — roughly ages 60–72 — is typically optimal for most retirees. Income is often at its lifetime low in early retirement (after earned income stops, before Social Security maximizes at 70, before RMDs begin at 73), creating a multi-year opportunity to convert at lower tax rates.

Can I roll over a Roth 401(k) to a Roth IRA without paying taxes?

Yes — rolling a Roth 401(k) to a Roth IRA is a tax-free transaction, provided the receiving account is a Roth IRA (not a traditional IRA). The 5-year clock for the receiving Roth IRA is determined by the date the Roth IRA was first established, not the rollover date.

Is there a deadline to roll over a SIMPLE IRA after leaving my employer?

There is no IRS deadline to initiate a rollover after a triggering event. The 60-day rule only applies once a distribution has been issued to you. However, plan administrators may force distributions for balances under $7,000 within 12–18 months of separation. Address the rollover within 60–90 days to maintain administrative control.

Does a direct rollover count against my annual IRA contribution limit?

No. Rollover contributions are separate from and do not count against the annual IRA contribution limit ($7,000 in 2026; $8,000 for those age 50+). A $400,000 rollover into a Roth IRA does not affect your ability to make a regular annual contribution to the same account.